• Talk about your feelings, moods, and well-being
• Report changes that happened and the reasons
• Describe a current state after an action has taken place

A-아/어지다 To become adjective

–지다 is an auxiliary verb that attaches to the –아/어 stem of the adjective and translates to “become/turn ADJECTIVE.” If the change has already taken place, you use -아/어졌어요. If the change is expected, use -아/어질 거예요. If the change is general, use -아/어져요.

Note that –아/어지다 is used with adjectives only to express changes of state. For verbs, you need to use –게 하다.

Here are some examples:

Conjugation

Let’s learn conjugation, which follows the rule of –아/어-based suffixes. Pay attention to irregular conjugations.

<답> 기분이 좋아지다, 친해지다, 빨라지다, 기분이 나빠지다, 가벼워지다, 길어지다

N이/가 보이다 Can see (is visible)

Related to 보다, meaning “to see”, “watch”, and “look at”, the verb 보이다 means “to be visible”. (A more natural way to say in English is ‘someone can see’.)

내 방 창문에서 남산 서울 타워가 보여요. The N Tower is visible from the window in my room. (I can see the N Seoul Tower from the window in my room).

A–아/어 보이다 Look adjective

When 보이다 is attached to the –아/어 stem form of adjective, it means “appear to be” or “look” in a certain way.

Conjugation

Let’s learn conjugation. This one, too, follows the rule of –아/어-based suffixes. Pay attention to irregular conjugations.

<답> 기분이 나빠 보여요, 무거워 보여요, 슬퍼 보여요, 외로워 보려요, 친해 보여요

V–아/어 있다 Be V–ing; be V–ed

The structure “action verb + 아/어 있다” emphasizes that (having taken an action), someone or something is in such–and–such a resultant state. Let’s look at the following examples.

니키타가 의자에 앉고 있어요.	니키타가 의자에 앉아 있어요.	자말이 병원에 가고 있어요.	자말이 병원에 가 있어요.
Nikita is taking a seat (on the chair)—you captured the split-second action.	Nikita has sat down on the chair. (She has taken a seat, maybe you didn’t see, but she is currently sitting on the chair.)	Jamal is going to the hospital.	Jamal (has gone to the hospital and he) is there.

As compared above, a very similar grammar construction that you already know is ‘verb stem + 고 있다.’ While it emphasizes that an action is in progress (something is going on at that particular moment), –어 있다 emphasizes a certain resultant state. (The action taken is often assumed because otherwise, how would you have the result? ☺).

–아/어 있다 combines with verbs whose action is either short, or once the action is taken the result represents the verb:

• 모이다 to gather (모여 있다 Once you gather, you are now gathered)
• 일어나다 to get up (일어나 있다 Once you get up, you are up)
• 앉다 to sit (앉아 있다 Once you sit, you are sitting down)
• 서다 to stand up (서 있다 Once you stand up, you are up)
• 눕다 to lie down (누워 있다 Once you lie down, you are lying down)
• 들다 to enter (들어 있다 Once something enters a space, it is in)
• 남다 to be left over – This is a verb in Korean (남아 있다 Once something is left, it is left over!)
• 차다 to be filled – This is a verb in Korean (차 있다 Once something is filled, it is filled up)
• 비다 to be empty – This is a verb in Korean (비어 있다 Once something is emptied out, it is empty)

A bit counter-intuitively, the following verbs are also used with –아/어 있다:

• 살다 to live (살아 있다 You live? You are alive!)
• 죽다 to die (죽어 있다 Did something die? It is dead!)
• 가다 to go (가 있다 You went? You are there!)
• 오다 to come (와 있다 You have come? You are here!)
• 도착하다 to arrive (도착해 있다 You have arrived? You are here!)

Why are we making a big deal out of –아/어 있다? Because they are not to be combined with any regular verbs whose action does not continue into a resultant state:

• 먹다 to eat (먹어 있다 There is no resultant state of the verb eat. You can either be eating 먹고 있다, or as a result, you can be full or still be hungry.)
• 노래하다 to sing (노래해 있다 There is no resultant state of the verb sing. You can be singing 노래하고 있다, or as a result, some has heard you sung, and maybe they’ll compliment you!)
• 자다 to sleep (자 있다 There is no resultant state of the verb sleep. You can either be sleeping 자고 있다, or as a result, you can feel refreshed or still tired!)

Sometimes –아/어 있다 is best translated in English as an adjective:

Passive V–아/어 있다 Be V–ed

–아/어 있다 is often used with passive verbs, which we will introduce in Book 4. We introduce 열리다 “be opened,” 닫히다 “be closed,” and 놓이다 “be put on a surface here,” which are frequently used in –아/어 있다:

창문이 열려 있어요.	문이 닫혀 있어요.	책상 위에 책이 놓여 있어요.
The window is open. (It was opened by someone, and now it’s open.)	The door is closed. (It was closed by someone, and now it’s closed.)	The book is on the desk. (It was put on the desk by someone, and now it’s there.)

웃다: to smile, laugh

Create a role play with your partner using the key grammar expressions and new vocabulary from this lesson. Include 5 to 6 meaningful rounds of dialogue. Take turns and feel free to add details to make the conversation lively.

• Context: Two friends run into each other and engage in a casual chat to catch up. One of the main topics of their conversation revolves around their busy lives and strategies to manage physical discomfort and mental stress. Discuss the positive changes they have incorporated into their daily routines, which have led to significant improvements in their overall well-being.
• Participants: Two friends who are interested in living a healthy life
• Key Expressions: –아/어지다, –아/어 보이다, –아/어 있다
• Sample dialogue:

Noah bumped into Miryu in front of the campus gym, and they started having a chat. Listen to the conversation and answer the following questions in Korean.

1. What are they mainly talking about?
2. What did Miryu suggest to Noah?
3. What did Miryu offer to Noah?
4. Summarize their conversation. (First, list as much as you heard. Then, retell the conversation in sentences using those keywords.)

Survey on Online Instruction

Useful Vocabulary

내용 content

충분하다 to be sufficient/enough

의견 opinion

Health Promotion: Well-Being

You are an advisory member of your local community’s Well-being Center. Today, the advisory team is brainstorming to make an educational poster to improve students’ general health and well-being.

1. Talk with your classmates about your good tips for well-being (in health, relationships, study, emotions, etc.) based on your experience.

• 스트레스를 받아서 머리가 아플 때에는 친구들과 얘기도 많이 하고 따뜻한 레몬차를 한 잔 마셔 보세요. 그럼 두통도 없어지고 머리가 맑아져요. 커피나 에너지 드링크를 마시면 카페인이 있기 때문에 머리가 더 아파질 수 있어요.
• 외로울 때나 우울할 때에는…
• 친구 때문에 화가 날 때에는…

Useful Vocabulary

두통: headache

2. Present your personal practice for well-being. Consider including a specific routine, activity, or habit that contributes to your overall well-being.

르-irregulars are verbs and adjectives whose roots end in 르 in the citation form. What’s peculiar about them is their ㄹ doubles up before the –아/어 suffixes. So, they are irregular only when they meet the –아/어 suffixes! Conjugate the examples using the given suffixes:

Some 르–irregulars (Learn the meanings!):

Although a majority of 르-words are irregular, there are also a handful of 르-final REGULAR verbs and adjectives that does not add a ㄹ in 아/어 forms:

스트레스 해소법 Stress Management

How do you manage stress? According to a 2019 study regarding ways in which Korean college students relieve stress, the most popular option amongst male students (34.4% of male responses) was “alcohol and tobacco use.” 20.5% of male respondents chose “outdoor activities” such as exercise and travel as their stress-relieving activities while 17.9% answered “rests, including sleep.” In addition, 16.9% answered “indoor activities” such as PC games, movies, and TV viewing. For female respondents, “resting” accounted for 31.0% of answers, which is followed by “indoor activities” (14.3%), “shopping” (11.9%), and “outdoor activities” (11.9%).

Overall, the number 1 cause of stress among both male and female college students was “social factors” related to job search and employment, accounting for more than 25% of the answers. Personal factors such as interpersonal relationships, appearance, and dating were another factor that frequently caused stress among these college students.

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